Signal flow inside a PLC

Signal flow in a PLC




Figure above shows a simplified signal chain for a PLC used in industrial automation and process-control systems. The PLC typically comprises analog and digital input/output (I/O) modules, a central processing unit (CPU), and power-management circuitry.


In industrial applications, analog input modules acquire and monitor signals from remote sensors located in harsh environments characterized by extreme temperature and humidity, vibration, and explosive chemicals. Typical signals include single-ended or differential voltages with 5 V, 10 V, ±5 V, and ±10 V full-scale ranges, or current loops with 0 mA to 20 mA, 4 mA to 20 mA, and ±20 mA ranges. When long cables with substantial electromagnetic interference (EMI) are encountered, current loops are often used due to their inherently high noise immunity.

Analog output modules typically control actuators, such as relays, solenoids, and valves, to complete the automated-control system. They typically provide output voltages with 5 V, 10 V, ±5 V, and ±10 V full-scale ranges and 4 mA to 20 mA current-loop outputs.

Typical analog I/O modules include 2, 4, 8, or 16 channels. To meet stringent industry standards, these modules require protection against overvoltage, overcurrent, and EMI surges. Most PLCs include digital isolation between the ADC and the CPU and between the CPU and the DAC. High-end PLCs may also incorporate channel-to-channel isolation, as specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. Many I/O modules include per-channel software programmable single-ended or differential input ranges, bandwidth, and throughput rate.

In modern PLCs, the CPU performs numerous control tasks in an automated manner, employing real-time access to information to make intelligent decisions. The CPU may embody advanced software and algorithms, and web connectivity for diagnostic error checking and fault detection. Commonly used communication interfaces include RS-232, RS-485, industrial Ethernet, SPI, and UART.